Heart failure, a complex clinical syndrome, is a severe stage of various heart diseases and is. After initial myocardial injury, a variety of endogenous neuroendocrine and cytokines are activated, including norepinephrine, angiotensin II, aldosterone, vasopressin, endothelin, tumor necrosis factor, etc. In heart failure, the levels of these factors are increased in both circulation and tissues. Long-term and chronic activation of the neuroendocrine cytokine system can promote myocardial remodeling, aggravate myocardial damage and functional deterioration, and result in further activation of neuroendocrine cytokines, forming a vicious cycle. Therefore, currently, treatments that block the neuroendocrine system and myocardial remodeling are mostly used clinically.

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